Desalinization properties of high flow porous membranes by pressure treatment using aluminum ion



Feb. 23, 1965 5 055 ETAL I 170,867

DESALINIZATION PROPERTIES OF HIGH FLOW POROUS MEMBRANES BY PRESSURE TREATMENT USING ALUMINUM ION Filed May 21, 1962 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 '9 -1 3| 7 6 FEED SOLUTION CELL SOLUTION INLET 2Q7UTLET I HIGH PRESSURE\ 7 80mm," DESALINIZED O-RING' 28 I6 Ritiavom SOLUTION OUTLEI l5) I2 'Z2f$,- PER FILTER MEMBRANE 25 FOR US PLATE H CELL SOLUTION TOUTLET svwm" 'DESALINIZEB SOLUTION OUTLET HIGH PRESSURE O-RING LOW PREssuRE b-Rme MEMBRANE POROUS PLATE PAPER FILTER 22 24 SPACER I l I,

SIDNEY LOEB GARGESWARI R. NAGARA] Feb. 23, 1965 5, LOEB E 3,170,867

DESALINIZAT ION PROPERTIES OF HIGH FLOW POROUS MEMBRANES BY PRESSURE TREATMENT USING ALUMINUM ION Filed May 21, 1962 Sheets-Sheet 2- FLOW DIAGRAM DESALINIZATION ASSEMBLY WITH RECIRCULATION AIR m ADJUSTABLE AIR PRESSURE REGULATOR FEED rmx I 44 CELL SOLUTION OUT RECIRCULATJON PUMP AIR 47 END uoulo END MEMBRANE FEED sow-non m venous PLATE smouz CONSTANT 4 PRESSURE nzsaumzen SOLUTlON our DESALINIZATION CELL a- 66 e5 7: 74 1625 W H mm OESALINIZEO SOLUTION OUT AT PERIPNERY OF COLLECTOR: PLATE sownou m A1" 2000 RSI. SIDNEY LOEB' 3 GARGESWARI R. NAGARAI Feb. 23, 1965 s. LOEB ETAL 3,170,367

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3,170,867 MBRANES Feb. 23, 1965 5. 1.055 ETAL DESALINIZATION PROPERTIES OF HIGH FLOW POROUS ME BY PRESSURE'TREATMENT USING ALUMINUM ION Filed May 21, 1962 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 so 50 PERCENT MAGNESIUM PERCHLORATE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION CELLULOSE ACETATE, 22.2%

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Feb. 23, 1965 Filed May 21, 1962 United States Patent 3,170,867 DESALINIZATION PROPERTIES OF HIGH FLOW POROUS MEMBRANES BY PRESSURE TREAT- MENT USING ALUMINUM ION Sidney Loeb and Gargeswari R. Nagaraj, Los Angeles, Calif., assignors to The Regents of the University of California, Berkeley, Calif., a corporation Filed May 21, 1962, Ser. No. 196,337 13 Claims. (Cl. 210-22) This application is an improvement over the inventions of U.S. patent applications, Serial No. 72,439, filed November 29, 1960, and Serial No. 184,718 filed on April 3, 1962.

This invention relates to the demineralization of saline waters including sea water, and other waters containing various levels of dissolved inorganic salts. Particularly this invention is capable of producing potable water from a sodium chloride brine made from distilled water, a result which had not been achieved before. While the invention has great utility for these particular purposes, it is not limited thereto but may find possible application and utilization in the separation of various chemicals where a solute is to be separated from a solution, for example, in bio-medical research for filtration of viruses, proteins, and other such material.

The prior invention referred to above provided a method of preparing a porous membrane adapted for separating solutes from solution comprising preparing a solution from components comprising a first material dissolved in water and a second material which is a film forming material, and a solvent for the materials which is capable of being evaporated after the solution has been cast, casting the solution in a uniform thickness, and removing said solvent by the steps of evaporating the solvent and immersing the cast film into water to cause the solvent to diffuse into the water. These methods were successful in producing potable water from sea water local to Los Angeles and from Los Angeles tap water but not from a sodium chloride brine made from distilled water. It has been discovered, however, that by this invention this result can be realized in the manner described hereinafter.

The basic process uses film membranes having particular permeability and surface properties. The membrane is, in accordance with common usage, referred to frequently as porous. However, the words pore and porous as usually used herein refer only to the fact that the membrane has a structure which allows an appreciable rate of passage of fresh water under suitable conditions. The Words permeability and permeable are used with a similar connotation.

The salt water is pushed against such a film membrane by the application of hydraulic pressure under which conditions, it is found that the water escaping through the film is considerably enriched in fresh water. The basic process consists in pushing the water under pressure through a medium or film membrane, (1) containing a permeable structure of particular or adequate size within the material of the medium and/ or on the surface of the medium in contact with the saline water, (2) whose bulk material and/or material of the surface of the medium in contact with the saline water, is of a chemical nature capable of passing Water through the permeable structure at a higher rate than dissolved salts. These characteristics of the material will be particularized in more detail hereinafter.

The flow of the fluid through the porous medium is affected by the application of hydraulic pressure on the saline water side. The saline water under pressure may be'kept turbulent during the process in order to prevent the accumulation of a high salt concentration near the porous medium. The degree of demineralization obtainable, and the rate of production of the demineralized water depend upon several factors which include (1) the bulk concentration of the salts in the saline water in contact with the porous medium, (2) the physical nature of the permeable structure in the porous medium, (3) the chemical nature of the porous medium and/or its surface in contact with the saline water, (4) the degree of agitation of the saline water in contact with the porous medium, and (5) the pressure used for filtration. In certain cases the ability to desalinize depends on additional factors as described hereinafter.

The process depends on the existence of semi-permeable or osmotic membranes; that is, membranes which are permeable to solvent, but not to solute. Practical membranes for solutions of salt in water have heretofore been developed as described herein and in the prior applications. If a solution is placed on one side of the membrane, and pure water on the other, water will diffuse from the pure water side through the membrane to the salt water side. This flow can be prevented by exerting osmotic pressure, on the salt water. If a pressure higher than the osmotic pressure is exerted on the salt water, the flow can be reversed, and pure water will be removed through the membrane from the salt solution. For sea water the osmotic pressure is about 350 pounds per square inch, it is less for less saline waters.

The process further depends on the fact that the semipermeable character of desalinizing membranes appears to be a function of both the physical nature of the permeable structure and chemical structure in the membrane. The dual requirements of correct membrane chemical structure and permeability structure must be met in order for the process to operate successfully.

A functioning apparatus or plant utilizing the process is also disclosed herein. In such a plant, the pressure of the salt water is raised above the osmotic pressure. The high pressure water then passes into a membrane stack, where part of it passes through the membranes as purified water; the remainder, now saltier than originally, is discarded. Since it will still be under high pressure, however, it is passed through a turbine to recover as much as possible of the energy put into it by the pump. The provision of such a membrane which has a life long enough to produce significant quantities of fresh water by the means provided has offered a solution to the economic problem of commercial sea water conversion.

The membranes referred to herein have been found capable of reducing the concentration of a 5.25% sodium chloride solution to about 500 parts per million in a single pass at a flow rate on the order of 8 gallons/ft? of membrane surface per 24 hour day under a pressure differential of 1500 p.s.i.g. (pounds per square inch gauge), the membranes having been approximately 1 /2 inches and 4% inches in diameter, respectively, and approximately .004 inch in thickness. The membranes receive a permanent set or strain such that their final thickness may be .0025 inch. These figures refer to brines other than a sodium chloride brine made from distilled water. .1

It was discovered that the foregoing characteristics as respects the degree of .dernineralization obtainable, and the rate of production of demineralized water, were not applicable with respect to the production of water from a sodium chloride brine made from distilled water. The membranes and method as referred to did not produce potable water from such a brine. It thus became clear that both local Los Angeles sea water and tap water from the Los Angeles area possessed some component beneficial to the desalinizing qualities of the said membranes referred to. Thus it would follow, if the said membranes and methods were to be used to attempt to desalinize sea water or brackish waters from areas not containing '59 this desirable or favorable component the membrane and and method would not function as well.

It was discovered that the result could be achieved of producing potable water from a sodium chloride brine made from distilled water using the membranes referred to by adding a few parts per million of aluminum ion to the brine to be desalinized. The desalinized product water then contained appreciably less salt than it would without the presence of aluminum ion in the feed brine. It was further discovered that it is important that the desired effect using the aluminum ion is obtained by the pressure treatment at pressures characteristic of the desalinization process as used for ordinary sea water and/ or tap water as described herein. It was demonstrated that if a membrane is immersed at atmoshperic pressure in solutions containing small quantities of aluminum ion, no beneficial effect occurred in the membrane. The results obtainable using the aluminum ion component in the brine to be desalinized are set forth hereinafter. The invention claimed herein relates to the process using the additional component in the brine to be desalinized.

Typical experiments were set up to determine the results of the improved process of this invention with aluminum ion added to the brine to be desalinized. A distilled water brine containing 5.25% of sodium chloride was desalinized. The desalinized product containing 0.18% salt. The same desalinizing film was used for desalinizing the same brine except that two parts per million of aluminum ion had been added to the brine. The desalinized product then contained only 0.09% salt. It was found that it was necessary that the treatment of the brine to be desalinized with aluminum ion added must be accomplished under pressure. This was demonstrated by the fact that the membranes used in obtaining the results just stated were stored in local Los Angeles tap Water which does contain aluminum ion for a period of three months. It did not produce potable water from 25% distilled water brine. This indicates that though there are minute quantities of aluminum ion content in local Los Angelcs tap water, in contact with membranes at atmospheric pressure, it does not improve the desalinization characteristics of the high flow membrane. From an analysis of the discoveries made by this invention therefor, it is concluded that the mere presence of the aluminum ion in water does not improve the characteristics of the membrane, but that the application of pressure is necessary. It was further determined that as well as can be determined at this time, that the pressure treatment with the aluminum ion must be continuously applied.

The prior applications provide a membrane made porous by the inclusion of water in the membrane, the water having been included in the original casting solution, which contains also cellulose acetate, a suitable solvent, and a perchlorate salt, the function of the last being to maintain a relation between the water and the cellulose acetate such that in the ultimately produced film the desired water-cellulose acetate organization can be obtaincd.

The prior application further provided a method of forming films or membranes including the steps of cooling the solution before casting; thereafter evaporating the solvent from the cast film for a predetermined period after which the film is immersed in water and thereafter heating the film, if necessary for the specific salt separation requirement. The solvent may be selected from a group comprising acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl alcohol, and/ or methyl alcohol. The ratio of the solvent to the cellulose acetate may be 2/1 or greater by Weight, and the ratio of aqueous perchlorate salt solutions, and magnesium perchlorate solutions in particular, to the cellulose acetate may be between 1/1 and U3 by Weight.

A primary object of this invention is to separate solvents from solutions by a process of reverse osmosis utilizing the membranes referred to in the foregoing, particularly applicable to sodium chloride brine made from distilled Water.

Other objects include specifically the addition of the aluminum ion component to the brine to be desalinized in minute quantities and the pressure treatment of the brine with the added component.

Further objects and additional advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description and annexed drawings, wherein In the drawings:

FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic view of a form of filtering cell in which a membrane of the invention may be embodied;

FIGURE 2 is an exploded view of the cell of FIG- URE 1;

FIGURE 3 is a diagrammatic view of a filtering system having the cell of FIGURE 1 embodied therein;

FIGURE 4- is a diagrammatic view of a commercial or plant type cell.

FIGURE 5 is an end view partially broken away of the cell of FIGURE 4;

FIGURE 6 are graphs showing results of operation on ordinary brine.

FIGURE 7 is a graph showing the effect of the magnesium perchlorate with respect to ordinary brine; and

FIGURE 8 is a graph showing the effect of the time intervals between casting and immersion with respect to ordinary brine.

FIGURE 9 is a graph showing film immersion time as a function of bath temperature.

The method involves the preparation of a film casting solution from which a film is cast and then treated and prepared as herein described. To provide an understanding generally of the method of preparing the films or membranes, it may be pointed out at the outset that the film casting solution from which the films are cast contains a pore producing agent (i.e., this agent produces a structure which allows appreciable rate of passage of fresh water under suitable conditions) of the nature of aqueous perchlorate salt solution in a suitable ratio to a film material such as cellulose acetate. Magnesium perchlorate is preferred but other inorganic perchlorate salts may be utilized, such as sodium perchlorate salts. A solvent, preferably acetone, is added to prevent the solution from becoming too viscous. Methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl alcohol and/or methyl alcohol may also be used but not as etficaciously, as the solvent or solvents. The film material may also be other cellulosic esters and cellulosic derivatives.

Next, film casting and subsequent solvent evaporation into air is accomplished most conveniently and efiiciently, but not essentially, at reduced temperatures to reduce the solvent evaporation rate and permit effective initiation of the desired organization of the water-cellulose acetate structure; then, after a predetermined time such that the solvent is not completely evaporated, the film is immersed in water, preferentially but not essentially ice water, to prevent complete air drying of the film.

Complete air drying has been found to be harmful in that it reduces the desalinizing capacity of the film and is believed to damage the water-cellulose acetate structure which has been initiated. Finally, the film is preferably heated prior to use to complete the organization of the film for high flow desalinization of sea water.

For certain applications, where the ions to be separated are large relative to those predominant in sea water it would not be necessary to heat the film.

The following is a more detailed description of a specific preferred example of the formation of the solution and casting, treatment and preparation of the film. A solution is prepared containing components as follows:

(A) Aqueous magnesium perchlorate. The concentration of magnesium perchlorate in this aqueous solution may be varied from 5% by weight up to saturation concentration, approximately 50% by weight of Mg(ClO.

The concentration 1s preferred. As the aqueous concentration of magnesium perchlorate is increased above this figure, the fiow rate of the water through the complete- 1y treated membrane is progressively reduced. If the water is omitted completely from the casting solution, the flow rate from the subsequently made film is very low, and, in the two tests made, did not appear to be influenced by the amount of magnesium perchlorate present. At aqueous concentrations below 10%, there is inadequate magnesium perchlorate to maintain the desired relation between water and cellulose acetate such that in the film the desired organization can be obtained. The aqueous magnesium perchlorate solution is referred to as MP hereinafter.

(B) Cellulose acetate containing preferably 5456% by weight of combined acetic acid (CA).

(C) Acetone (A).

The proportions of these materials in the above solution is subject to some variation. However, the region wherein best results are obtainable is found to be that wherein:

(1) The ratio of A to CA is to be between 2/ 1 and 4/1 by weight.

(2) The ratio of MP to CA is to be between 1/ 1 and 1/ 3 by weight.

A preferred and representative solution is MP, 11%; CA, 22% and A, 67%.

Another representative solution is a mixture of cellulose acetate, acetone, Water and magnesium perchlorates in the percentages 22.2, 66.7, 10.0, and 1.1, respectively.

By way of example:

The casting was accomplished on glass plates with runners on the sides thereof, of a thickness, i.e., height,

above an associated glass plate to maintain the desired thickness of casting. Preferred runner thicknesses are ap proximately 0.010 inch for a film of approximately corresponding thickness. The solution was cooled in a cold box to a temperature of approximately -7.5 to 16 Centigrade before casting along with the plates on which the film was cast. The film was cast by means of a doctor blade or knife which rested on the raised runners at the edges of the glass plate. The doctor blade guided on and by the suitably spaced runners was pulled across the plate in predetermined spaced relationship thereto at a rate such that the entire width of the plate which was 8 inches (representatively) was accomplished in about .17 minute although this timei'ange has been varied from .13 to .25 minute without adversely affecting the results. Too slow a period of time permits excessive evaporation. Too fast a sweep time results in imperfect surface formation or even rupture of the film. The doctor knife also served as the back wall of an open-bottomed box, one half inch high, filled with 40 cubic centimeters of casting solution, prior to casting. During casting, about 35% of the solution was spread on the plate, leaving enough solution in the box so that the static head available for flow under the knife did not decrease excessively as the knife was pulled from one end of the plate to the other.

After casting the film on the plate, solvent evaporation was allowed to proceed in a cold box at 7.5 to -16 centigrade (optimum -1l C.). It was allowed to remain in the cold box at the same temperature for a period of from 2 to 4 minutes to permit evaporation of a major portion of solvent and initial organization of the film after which it was immersed in water at approximately 1 to 5 centigrade. This completed removal of the solvent by diffusion into the water and probably some of the magnesium perchlorate. The time of, 2 to 4 minutes between casting and immersion was critical. Too short a time prevented the formation of a firm film. Too long a time prevented the film from having good desalinization qualities. Therefore, it is clear that the primary function of the immersion is not to extract the aforementioned materials, but to contribute to obtaining the film structure necessary for optimum results. The optimum time appeared to be 3 minutes.

The optimum permeability structure in the finished membrane apparently need not necessarily be the same for all desalinizing membranes; it can vary especially depending upon the chemical nature of the membrane and saline water solution.

The thickness of the finished films is not critical in view of the apparent surface-nature of the barrier effect. A film membrane of the order of .004 inch is appropriate.

The treatment by heating is critical for the usual sea water salts with the optimum temperature being as stated herein.

A preferred technique for heating the film consists in setting them or placing them under water on glass plates which are separated by washers, as of brass, about inch thick, that is, with one on top of another. The brass washers merely keep the top glass from bearing directly on the film. The assembly is then heated up as on a hot plate. The film after heating in the water bath is left there for a period of time before being taken out to use. The water bath is betewen 77 and 88 centigrade and the optimum temperature is 82 Centigrade. It is preferable to heat the water up to the desired temperature for about /2 hour gradually. The Water may be put in at 50 centigrade and then heated up to about 82 centigrade and held for at least approximately an hour but can be left overnight or longer and then allowed to cool.

The original process described in the original application requires the film to be immersed in warm water and heated gradually from about 50 C. to about 82 C. over a period of /2 hour. After reaching 82 C., the water bath with the film immersed is kept at 82 C. for one hour and then allowed to cool to about 45 C. in about one hour.

A superior technique for heating the film is one that is much quicker and permits rapid and continuous production of finished membranes having desalinization characteristics equal to or better than films made by the original gradual heating technique.

The technique last referred to, which may be referred to as the direct immersion heating method, involves heating the films by immersing them directly in hot Water over a range of about 84 to about C. for a specified period of time varying inversely with the bath temperature from about 18 minutes to about 30 seconds.

FIGURE 9 is a graph which illustrates the film immersion time as a function of water bath temperature in the direct immersion heating method to obtain rapid and continuous production of films having desalinization characteristics equal to or better than films made using the original gradual heating technique.

After being treated with the direct heat immersion heating method, the films are rapidly removed from the hot water bath and cooled by being immersed in ambient temperature water.

Film membranes made by the process have been found capable of reducing the concentration of ordinary sea water, 3.6% solids, to 030% solids in a single pass at a flow rate on the order of 13 gal/ft. day under a pressure differential of 1500 p.s.i.g.

The foregoing results in what may be described as an opalescent film in that it is transparent but has a certain characteristic opalescent appearance. It has a porosity, i.e., ratio of open volume to total volume, in the order of 25% to 40%. A significant aspect of the film is that one side is useful whereas the other side is not. The side which is away from the glass plate during casting is the side which must be used against the salt solution. The other side is assembled against a porous plate as referred to more in detail hereinafter.

Tests have been carried out in both a laboratory scale and a bench scale test cell providing: (1') a constant high pressure on the saline water in contact with one side of the porous medium, (2) a continuous source of flowing or turbulent feed saline water to the high pressure side of the porous medium, (3) a valve for the continuous or intermittent removal of concentration in the cell, and (4) a means of exit for the demineralized water to the outside of the cell at atmospheric pressure.

Best results are obtained when the pressure on the concentrated brine is increased to the operating pressure in one or more stages rather than all at once. For example, if the operating pressure will finally be 1500 p.s.i.g., it is desirable first to maintain 1000 p.s.i.g. for about one half hour, then after one half hour, increase it to 1500 p.s.i.g. If desired, it may be increased to 2,000 p.s.i.g., at least one hour later.

FIGURE 1 shows diagrammatically such a form of apparatus or test cell in which tests have been run. The apparatus is shown exploded in FIGURE 2. In these figures, the apparatus comprises an upper plate and a lower plate 11. The upper plate has an annular groove 12 in which is an O-ring 13 which seals the plates together. The lower plate has a flange or shoulder 15 which interfits with a corresponding shoulder on the plate 10.

The plate 10 has a central opening or bore 16 and a somewhat enlarged counterbore 17 of relatively shallow depth in which is received the membrane or film member lution was distilled water brine containing 5.25% of sodium chloride.

The salt solution is pressurized in the cell 40 by pressure pump means 42 which may be reciprocating pump 44 driven by air pressure applied through a pressure regulator 43 as shown. Preferably, the solution in the cell 40 is recirculated by a pump as shown at 45. More concentrated solution is withdrawn from the cell through conduit 45 and valve 47. The desalinized solution is withdrawn from the cell through the outlet 49.

The results summarized in Table I illustrate results obtained in a laboratory scale test cell as shown in FIGURE 1. Approximately 3.5 per cent solution of sodium chloride in water (ordinary brine) was used as the saline water in obtaining the data of Table I. The graphs, FIGURE 6, illustrate characteristic results of operation of a cell such as shown in FIGURE 1 with ordinary brine. FIGURE 7 illustrates the result with reference to ordinary brine of varying the percentage content of perchlorate salts (i.e.) magnesium perchlorate in aqueous solution. As will be noted above 10% of the rate of fresh water production decreases. FIGURE 8 illustrates the effect of varying the time interval between casting and immersion.

TABLE I Casting Solution Composition, Time Desalin- Pcreent Thickness Thermal between Flow ized of Film Treatment casting Rate water Fihn as Cast, Temperaand im- (gal.)/ salt Cellulose inches ture, C. mersion in (in) content, Mg(ClO4)2 H2O Acetate Acetone water, (day) percent (398-3) minutes 4. 5 4. 5 18.2 72.8 0.015 74 6 20 0. 420 4. 5 4. 5 18. 2 72.8 0.015 83 6 10 0. 124 4. 5 4. 5 l8. 2 72. 8 0. 015 83 10 12 0. 42 4. 5 4. 5 18. 2 72. 8 0. 010 74 6 17 0. 1025 4. 5 4. 5 18. 2 72. 8 0. 010 83 6 9 0. 080 4. 5 4. 5 18.2 72.8 0. 015 74 6 8.9 0.185 4. 5 4. 5 18.2 72.8 0. 015 83 ll 4. 3 0.070 5. 6 5. 6 22. 2 60. 6 0.015 83 6 2.0 0. 043 4. 5 4. 5 18.2 72.8 0.007 74 1 l1 0. 246 5. 6 5.6 22. 2 66. 5 0.007 83 1 6. 8 0. 159 5. 6 5. G 22. 2 66. 6 0.007 83 3 4 0. 210

(1) Casting temperature 1115 C.

(2) Immersion water temperature -31.5 C.

(3) Time at thermal treating temperature, 1 hour. (4) Operating pressure, 1500 p.s.i.g.

(5) Feed solution, 3.5 percent NaCl.

20. The plate 11 has a circular recess or depression 21 of the same diameter as the counterbore 17 so that these spaces when matched form a cylindrical opening as shown. In this space in addition to the membrane 20 is a paper filter or spacer member 22 which is between the membrane 20 and a porous plate or disc 24 which may be of suitable material such as sintered stainless steel as described hereinafter. The paper filter facilitates easy transmission of demineralized water to the porous plate. The porous plate 24 fits against spacer member 25 which is in the bottom of the depression or space 21. The plate 10 has an annular groove 27 in which is disposed a sealing O-ring 28 which seals the peripheral edges of the membrane 20.

Numeral 31 designates an opening in the plate 10 for the inlet of the feed water or solution which passes through channel 32 which has a branch 33 leading to the solution reservoir 16. Passage 32 also communicates directly with the membrane 20. Numeral 35 designates an outlet passage from the reservoir 16 for withdrawing solution from the cell at the outlet therefrom 36. The demineralized water as described filters through the membrane 20 of the cell into the central circular space and to the porous plate 24. It is drained out of porous plate 24 to the desalinized solution outlet 37.

FIGURE 3 shows the system utilized with the cell of FIGURE 1 and in which the membranes and the method of this invention have been tested. The test cell is shown generally at and a feed tank of salt solution is shown generally at 41. For purposes of this invention the so- The cell shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, is enclosed by plates 55 and 60 having circular depressions as shown at 61 and 62. The plate 55 has adjacent to it a plate 65 which is a collector plate made of stainless steel preferably, about Vs inch thick and between this plate and the opening 61 is the semi-permeable or porous membrane 66 about 0.005 inch thick sealed by O-ring 70.

The incoming liquid to be desalinized may enter at a pressure of 2,000 pounds per square inch. Numeral 60 represents a channel through the collector plate 65 so that the water to be desalinized passes into an intermediate cell 71. This cell is also sealed by an O-ring 72 around the periphery of an opening in plate 71. Numeral 60 represents another end plate like the one 65 having a depression 62 in it sealed by O-ring 73. Separating the plates 60 and 71 is another stainless steel collector plate 74 which is porous and there being semipermeable membranes 75 and 76 between this collector plate and the plates 60 and 71. The pure water which is filtered out of the salinized Water is collected in the pores in the collector plate and drains out therefrom at the bottom.

One important requirement for readying the films for service is to increase the pressure in stages rather than all at once to the final pressure. For example, a preferred staging for a final pressure of 2,000 pounds per inch in 1,000 pounds half an hour, 1,500 pounds for an hour and half, 2,000 pounds from then on.

The results, with respect to ordinary brines include a production rate of 8 gallons per square foot of film per day. The feed solution was sodium chloride. It may be said that sea water is 3%% salts. Accordingly, the feed of 5 A would correspond to a ratio of rejected sea water brine of 5 A concentration, to water produced of 2 to 1. These results were obtained at a total pressure of 1,500 pounds per square inch and the circulation rate on the apparatus used of 8 gallons per hour. The salt concentration of the water produced was 500 parts per million.

The foregoing describes fully the membranes and the method with respect to ordinary brines. As shown, potable water can be produced from Los Angeles area sea water or from sodium chloride brine made from Los Angeles tap water using the described membrane and method. It was discovered, however, that only by the herein invention could potable water be produced from a sodium chloride brine made from distilled water. Such a brine was prepared and placed in the tank 41. A few parts per million of aluminum ion were added to the brine to be desalinized. The addition of the aluminum ion component is a simple matter. A preferred and simplified manner of doing this was simply by adding aluminum sulfate powder to the brine, this powder being soluble in Water. The number of parts per million that are added are not critical but this might be six parts per million and the amount to be added can be determined simply by weighing it and putting in the proper weight relative to the rate of flow of brine into the cell. Typical experiments or tests were run to determine the effect of the aluminum ion component added as have been described in the foregoing.

From the results described, it is clear that distilled water brine, by use of the herein method can be demineralized by pressure filtration through suitable porous membranes of the character described, and equivalent means and methods, and the rate of production of dentineralized water by the above method has practical industrial significance.

The foregoing disclosure is representative of preferred forms of the inventions and is to be interpreted in an illustrative rather than a limiting sense, the invention to be accorded the full scope of the claims appended hereto.

In the claims:

1. A method of separating water from an aqueous solution;

(a) dissolving a film-forming cellulosic ester in an aqueous solution of a pore-producing salt in an organic solvent;

(12) casting the resulting solution to form a membrane of substantially uniform thickness;

(0) evaporating a portion of said organic solvent for a predetermined period of time;

(d) immersing the cast membrane in water to remove said pore-producing salt;

(2) heating the cast membrane in water;

(f) applying under pressure an aqueous solution to one side of the resulting membrane; and

(g) adding a small concentration of aluminum ions to the aqueous solution.

2. A method as stated in claim 1 wherein said cellulosic ester is cellulose acetate.

3. A method as stated in claim 1 wherein said poreproducing salt is a perchlorate salt.

4. A method as stated in claim 3 wherein said perchlorate salt is magnesium perchlorate.

5. A method as stated in claim 1 wherein said organic solvent is acetone.

6. A method of separating water from an aqueous solution comprising:

(a) dissolving cellulose acetate and an aqueous solution of a pore-producing perchlorate salt in an organic solvent;

(b) casting the resulting solution to form a membrane of substantially uniform thickness;

(c) evaporating a portion of said organic solvent for a predetermined period of time;

(d) immersing the cast membrane in water to remove said pore-producing perchlorate salt;

(2) heating the cast membrane in water;

(1) applying under pressure an aqueous solution to one side of the resulting membrane; and

(g) adding a small concentration of aluminum ions to the aqueous solution.

7. A method as stated in claim 6 wherein said casting and evaporating are accomplished with the solution cooled below room temperature.

8. A method as stated in claim 7 wherein said solution is cooled to a temperature range of about 16 C. to -7.5 C.

9. A method as stated in claim 6 wherein the weight of organic solvent to cellulose acetate is between about 2/1 to 4/ 1.

10. A method as stated in claim 6 wherein the weight of aqueous perchlorate salt solution to cellulose acetate is between about 1/1 to 1/3.

11. A method as stated in claim 6 wherein the concentration of perchlorate salt in said aqueous solution is in the range of about 5% by weight to saturation.

12. A method as stated in claim 6 wherein the water is heated to a temperature in the range of about 77 C. to 83 C.

13. A method of separating water from an aqueous solution comprising:

(a) dissolving a film-forming cellulose acetate and an aqueous solution of a pore-producing perchlorate salt in acetone, the weight ratio of acetone to cellulose acetate being about 3/ 1 and the weight ratio of aqueous perchlorate solution to cellulose acetate be ing about 1/ 2 with the concentration of the perchl0 rate salt in said aqueous solution being about 10% by weight;

(b) casting said solution to form a membrane of substantially uniform thickness;

(0) evaporating a portion of said organic solvent for a predetermined period of time, said casting and evaporating being accomplished in a temperature range of about 16 C. to 7.5 C.

(d) immersing the cast membrane in water to remove said perchlorate salt;

(e) heating the east membrane in water to a temperature in the range of about 77 C. to 83 C.;

(f) applying under pressure an aqueous solution to one side of the resulting membrane; and

(g) adding a small concentration of aluminum ions to the aqueous solution.

References Cited in the file of this patent The article by Dobry in the Bulletin de La Societe de France, vol. 3, pages 312-318 (1936). 

1. A METHOD OF SEPARATING WATER FROM AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION; (A) DISSOLVING A FILM-FORMING CELLULOSIC ESTER IN AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF A PORE-PRODUCING SALT IN AN ORGANIC SOLVENT; (B) CASTING THE RESULTING SOLUTION TO FORM A MEMBRANE OF SUBSTANTIALLY UNIFORM THICKNESS; (C) EVAPORATING A PORTION OF SAID ORGANIC SOLVENT FOR A PREDETERMINED PERIOD OF TIME; (D) IMMERSING THE CAST MEMBRANE IN WATER TO REMOVE SAID PORE-PRODUCING SALT; (E) HEATING THE CAST MEMBREANE IN WATER; (F) APPLYINT UNDER PRESSURE AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION TO ONE SIDE OF THE RESULTING MEMBRANE; AND (G) ADDING A SMALL CONCENTRATION OF ALUMINUM IONS TO THE AQUEOUS SOLUTION. 